Monomers | Definition, Types, Structure, Examples (2023)

Introduction

Monomers can be defined as small molecules that bind with larger molecules. To completely understand the concept of monomers, we first read our definition of molecules.The molecules are defined as stable pure particles that are formed by the chemical combination of two or moreatomsThese can be macromolecules or macromolecules.

The monomers belong to the category of micromolecules. They are the smallest form of pure stable substance that can be combined to form huge molecules or macromolecules. Identical monomers are united through different types of chemical links to form huge molecules that are called polymers.Article, we, we, we, will discuss monomers in terms of size, classification, structures, chemical combinations, their appearance and different facts.

How do I identify the monomers?

There is no specific size of monomers in the literature, since monomers of different categories or even in the same category can vary in size. The easiest way to identify a monomer with a molecular formula according to the general formula of this classFor example, the general formula for carbohydrate monomers (choose₂Ö)_X.₂Ö)₆Follow the general formula of carbohydrate monomers.

Monomena classification

The monomers are divided into two large categories, natural monomers and synthetic monomers.

• Natural monomers are the organic molecules that exist in nature and merge to form larger biological molecules. These molecules are responsible for all life forms on our planet.
• Synthetic monomers are artificially combining different atoms for the good joke of humanity. These synthetic monomers are reacted to form larger molecules that are used in industries for various advantageous purposes.

Natural monomers

As already mentioned, there are natural monomers that already exist in nature and build the blocks of life on earth. They are joined to form larger molecules that lead to the formation of complex structures of living beings.

Natural monomers or biological monomers are divided into four categories.

• Monous
• amino acids
• nucleotide
• Fat and alcohol acids
• Isopreno

All these monomers are analyzed in detail below.

Monous

These are monomers or complex carbohydrate construction blocks. Monosaccharides suffer chemical combinations to form complex carbohydrate molecules such as resistance, cellulose and glycogen.

Features

It is known that monosaccharides have the following properties;

• They contain only one sugar molecule.
• They have three to seven carbon atoms.
• SON POLI -Hydroxy -Adhide the ketone.
• It cannot submit to hydrolysis.
• They are cute in the taste.
• They are completely soluble in the water.
• Some of them may have a ring structure.

Structure

From a chemical point of view, all poly-hydroxy or ketone aldehyde monosaccharides are connected to a hydroxyl group with the exception of the atom, which is part of a group of villages or a group of ketone.

The type

Based on the number of carbon atoms in their structure, monosaccharides have types below;

• Gliceraldehído y dihidroxiaceton Gliceralda.
• Tetrrroen as erythrus and erythulous.
• Pentous like ribose and ribulosa.
• Witches include glucose, fructose and galactosis.
• Tal sdoheptulosa heptosada.

Biologically important monosaccharides are cuts, pentous and hexous.

Formula general

Monosaccharides have a general formula (choose₂Ö)_Xwhere x = number of carbon atoms. This shows that the number of water molecules in a monosaccharide is equal to the number of carbon atoms contained in it.

Chemical combinations

Monosaccharides combine glucosidic bonds to larger molecules such as disaccharides, trisaccharides and polysaccharides. A disaccharide, three to form a trisaccharide, etc.

Appear

They are present in all complex biological structures in a combined form. Combined glucose is available in resistance, cellulose, glycogen, etc. The monosaccharides can be found in fruits and some body fluids freely. For example, glucose is present inFig. 1 and 2, data, grapes, etc., is also available in human blood free. Fructose is available in human sperm.

amino acids

Amino acids are monomers or protein construction blocks. All structural and functional proteins in our body consist of amino acids. The simplest molecules that are obtained after the complete hydrolysis of proteins are called amino acids.

Structure

All amino acids consist of an amino group (-nh₃) and a carboxyl group (-COOH) that is connected to the central carbon atom known as alpha carbon.based on each other. In the structure of the side chain (-R).

Amino acid classification

There are several criteria for the classification of amino acids.

According to the availability of amino acids, they are classified as classified;

• Essential amino acids: They are not formed in the human body and should be taken in the form of a diet to meet the requirements of the body.
• Non -essential amino acids: of course, they form in the human body and do not cause any damage if they are not available in nutrition.

According to the structure of the side chain, some of the amino acid classes are the following;

• Hydrophilic amino acids: They are soluble water.
• Hydrophobo amino acids: they are insoluble in water.
• Polar amino acid: you have a polar structure.
• Non -polar amino acids: It has a non -polar structure.
• Sulfura acids: They contain a sulfur atom in their side chain.

etc.

Chemical combinations

Amino acids are combined in larger molecules through peptide links₃) An amino acid reacts with the carboxyl group (-COOH) from another amino acid and a water molecule is released as a byproduct. All amino acids in the complex protein structure are connected by several peptide bonds. Amino acids are called dipéptide.

A dipéptide molecule also has an amino group (-nh₃) At one end, while a carboxyl group (-COOH) can react with other amino acids at the other end to form longer structures. In this way, the length of the chain continues and creates complex proteins that contains several thousand amino acids.

Appear

Amino acids always exist in nature. They are available in animal and herbal proteins. People consume amino acids in the form of meat and milk, etc.The proteins present in these forms of nutrition are divided into the stomach to release individual amino acids that are absorbed by blood in the intestine.

nucleotide

These are the nucleic acid construction blocks such as DNA and RNA.Pase all genetic material and information to the next generation of cells.

Structure

The structure of monomers is not as easy as that of amino acids and monosaccharides. They are soon as these monomers consist of three different molecules that are;

1. A ptosis sugar molecule (which can be ribose or oxi ribosis)
2. A base that contains nitrogen
3. One or more phosphate groups

The sugar and phosphate molecule groups are connected to a single base that contains nitrogen to form a nucleotide.

Nucleotide species

Based on the type of ptosis sugar can be nucleotides;

1. Ribonucleotide (containing ribosis sugar)
2. Oxyxi -ribonucleotide (containing deoxygenated ribosis sugar)

Nucleotides also vary according to the type of nitrogen base available in their structure. Nitrogen bases present in nucleotides are of two types

1. Purine (you have two rings in your structure)
2. Pyrimidine (you only have one ring in your structure)

Chemical compound

The phosphate group of a nucleotide reacts with the hydroxy group present in the ptosis sugar of another nucleotide to form a chemical bond at the other end.The ends are ready to react with other nucleotides, form phosphodiators and expand the nucleotide chain. The long chains of these monomers, that is, nucleotides form nucleic acids.

Appear

Nucleotides are available in all living cells. They are available in free and combined forms. Adenosine Typhosfat (ATP) is an example of free nucleotide that is present in all metabolic active cells and RNA is presented in the nucleus and in thecytoplasm.

Fatty acids and alcohol

Although they are generally not applicable, fatty acids and alcohols can be seen as lipid monomers. Fatty acids react with alcohol that form a connection of ester and form lipids.

Triglycerides and phospholipids are more important in this regard.

As the name implies, triglycerides consist of three fatty acids associated with a single glycerol alcohol molecule. Glycerin and Grexes acids are known as triglycerid monomers.

Monomers that form phospholipids include the following:

1. Two fatty acid molecules
2. Glycerin alcohol
3. A base that contains nitrogen
4. A phosphate group

Fatty acids and the phosphate group form the Ester connection with glycerin. The nitrogen base is connected to the phosphate group and a phospholipid molecule is formed.

Isopreno

ISOOPREN are natural garbage monomers. ISOPRENE It is an organic connection that is a fleet.

abstract

Monomers are small molecules that combine using various forms of chemical links to form larger molecules.

Thousands of monomers can form large molecules, which are known as polymers.

There are no specific monomer area.

Nor is it necessary for monomers to always contain a single molecule.

The easiest way to identify a monomer is to look at its chemical formula, which always corresponds to the general formula of this kind of connection.

There are two large categories of monomers;

• Natural monomers, of course, are present in all living organisms.
• Artificial monomers are artificially used for people in the industry.

Natural monomers are all organic compounds responsible for all life forms on our planet. They are connected with large molecules of life, which then form complex living structures and perform functions of living bodies.

The natural monomer includes;

• Monous
• amino acids
• nucleotide
• Fatty acids and alcohol
• Isopreno

Monosaccharides are complex carbohydrate construction blocks such as cellulose, starch and glycogen.

Monosaccharides are the simplest sugar that is soluble in water and cannot suffer hydrolysis.

Two or monosaccharides are attached to the form of the chain and form glucosidal links.

The polymers of the monosaccharides, that is, the polysaccharides, are formed when thousands of monosaccharides are connected to long chains.

Amino acids are protein monomers.

Each amino acid consists of an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom and a side chain (-R), which is connected to alpha carbon.

Two or more amino acids are connected by peptide links to form long chains or peptides.

If several thousand amino acids connect to the shape of a chain, polypeptides are formed. These polypeptides form large proteins.

Nucleotides are nucleic acid monomers.

They join through phosphophodils to form long chains that are known as nucleic acids.

Fatty acids and alcohol are monomers of different lipids, such as fats, oils, triglycerides and phospholipids, etc.

The isoprene are the natural rubber monomers that make different plants.

frequent questions

What are monomers?

The monomers are small molecules that connect to polymers. They are the simplest representatives of their class. They have a basic structure that only there are a few atoms.

What are the monomers of proteins?

Amino acids are protein monomers. Individual aminal acids combine in long polypeptide chains during translation. These polypeptide chains will avoid structural changes to form complex proteins.

What are the monomers of nucleic acids?

Nucleotides are nucleic acid emonomy such as DNA and RNA. Nucleotides are connected by polymerase enzymes for polymer production.

What are the monomers of the cellulose?

Glucose molecules are cellularos. These molecules are connected in linear chains to find cellulose on plant cell walls.

References

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